1. Parts of Speech
Nouns
- Nouns name people, places, things, or ideas (Exploring Alabama)
- Proper nouns are capitalized and refer to specific names (Exploring Alaska)
- Common nouns refer to general items (Exploring Arizona)
- Concrete nouns are tangible objects (Exploring Arkansas)
- Abstract nouns represent intangible concepts (Exploring California)
- Collective nouns refer to groups (Exploring Colorado)
Adjectives
- Adjectives describe or modify nouns (Exploring Connecticut)
- Comparative adjectives compare two things (Exploring Delaware)
- Superlative adjectives compare more than two things (Exploring Florida)
- Possessive adjectives show ownership (Exploring Georgia)
- Demonstrative adjectives indicate specific things (Exploring Hawaii)
- Articles (a, an, the) function as adjectives (Exploring Idaho)
Verbs
- Verbs express actions or states of being (Exploring Illinois)
- Auxiliary verbs (helping verbs) support main verbs to show a tense, form a negative or form a question (Exploring Indiana)
- Modal verbs express necessity, possibility, or ability (Exploring Iowa)
- Transitive verbs require an object (Exploring Kansas)
- Intransitive verbs do not require an object (Exploring Kentucky)
- Use of the simple present tense–root verb + s for 3rd person (Exploring Louisiana)
- Use of the present perfect tense–have/has + past participle (Exploring Maine)
- Use of the present continuous tense –am/is/are + present participle (Exploring Maryland)
- Use of the simple past tense–regular and irregular verbs (Exploring Massachusetts)
- Use of the past perfect tense–had + past participle (Exploring Michigan)
- Use of the past continuous tense–was/were + present participle (Exploring Minnesota)
- Use of the simple future tense –modal form will + root form of main verb (Exploring Mississippi)
- Use of the future perfect tense–will + have + part participle (Exploring Missouri)
- Use of the future continuous tense–will + be + present participle (Exploring Montana)
Adverbs
27. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs (e.g., quickly, very).(Exploring Nebraska)
28. Adverbs often end in “-ly” (e.g., slowly, beautifully).(Exploring Nevada)
29. Adverbs answer questions like how, when, where, and to what extent (Exploring New Hampshire)
30. Intensifiers are adverbs that strengthen meaning (e.g., extremely, quite) (Exploring New Jersey)
Pronouns
31. Pronouns replace nouns to avoid repetition (e.g., he, she, they) (Exploring New Mexico)
32. Personal pronouns show person and number (e.g., I, you, we) (Exploring New York)
33. Reflexive pronouns end in “-self” or “-selves” (e.g., myself, themselves) (Exploring North Carolina)
34. Relative pronouns introduce relative clauses (e.g., who, which, that) (Exploring North Dakota)
35. Demonstrative pronouns point to specific things (e.g., this, those) (Exploring Ohio)
36. Interrogative pronouns are used in questions (e.g., who, what, which) (Exploring Oklahoma)
Conjunctions
37. Coordinating conjunctions connect equal elements (e.g., and, but, or) (Exploring Oregon)
38. Subordinating conjunctions introduce dependent clauses (e.g., because, although) (Exploring Pennsylvania)
39. Correlative conjunctions work in pairs (e.g., either/or, neither/nor) (Exploring Rhode Island)
Prepositions
40. Prepositions show relationships between words (e.g., in, on, under) (Exploring South Carolina)
41. Prepositional phrases begin with a preposition and include an object (e.g., in the house) (Exploring South Dakota)
42. Some prepositions indicate time (e.g., before, during), place (e.g., at, near), or direction (e.g., to, from) (Exploring Tennessee)
Interjections
43. Interjections express emotions or sudden reactions (e.g., wow!, ouch!, hooray!) (Exploring Texas)
44. They are often followed by an exclamation mark but can also be used with a comma in casual speech (Exploring Utah)
2. Word Groups
45. Phrases, clauses and sentences (Exploring Vermont)
3. Types of Sentences
By Structure
46. Simple sentences contain one independent clause (Exploring Virginia)
47. Compound sentences contain two or more independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction (Exploring Washington, D.C.)
48. Complex sentences have one independent clause and at least one dependent clause (Exploring Washington State)
49. Compound-complex sentences have at least two independent clauses and one dependent clause (Exploring West Virginia)
By Function
50. Declarative sentences make a statement (Exploring Wisconsin)
51. Interrogative sentences ask a question (Exploring Wyoming)
52. Imperative sentences give commands or requests (Exploring American Samoa)
53. Exclamatory sentences express strong emotions (Exploring Guam)
By Polarity
54. Affirmative sentences state positive actions or facts (Exploring the Northern Mariana Islands)
55. Negative sentences use negation words like “not” (Exploring Puerto Rico)
4. Moods
56. Indicative mood is used for statements and facts (Exploring the U.S. Virgin Islands)
57. Imperative mood is used for commands or requests (Facts about the geography of the United States)
58. Subjunctive mood expresses wishes, hypothetical situations, or doubts (Facts about the three branches (Executive, Legislative, Judicial) of the U.S. Government)
5. Punctuation and Writing
59. The 14 punctuation marks in English grammar (The symbolism of the American flag and the Great Seal of the United States)
60. Organizing an essay (America’s Founding Documents/Charters of Freedom–the Declaration of Independence, Constitution, Charter of Rights)
